How a sprinkler system works
The operating principles of sprinkler systems, the available types, and selection criteria for different types of buildings.
Operating principle
A sprinkler system is an automatic water-based extinguishing installation that is permanently pressurized. Each sprinkler head contains a heat-sensitive element - usually a liquid-filled bulb - which bursts at a preset temperature (typically 68°C), releasing water directly above the fire source.
Contrary to a common misconception, sprinkler heads activate individually, not all at the same time. In over 80% of fires, a maximum of 4 heads is sufficient to control the fire, which also significantly limits water damage.
Types of sprinkler systems
The choice of system type depends on the risk of freezing, the sensitivity of the protected space, and the desired response speed.
- Wet system - the pipes are permanently filled with water; the fastest and most widely used
- Dry system - the pipes contain compressed air; for spaces at risk of freezing
- Pre-action system - requires confirmation of detection before water is admitted; for sensitive spaces
- Deluge system (drencher) - all nozzles open simultaneously; for high industrial risks
Main components
In addition to the sprinkler heads, the system includes: the control and signaling unit (ACS), the distribution network, the water source (dedicated tank), and the pumping set with a main pump, a backup pump, and a jockey pump.
Proper sizing of these components, in accordance with SR EN 12845, is essential for the system's performance at critical moments.
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